管理類聯(lián)考考研英語(yǔ)二外刊選讀（5）

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Humans May Need More Sleep in Cold Weather

題材：生活類

出處：The Guardian《衛(wèi)報(bào)》

字?jǐn)?shù)：612 words

[1] Whether we’re night owls or morning larks, our body clocks are set by the sun. Theoretically, changing day length and light exposure over the course of the year could affect the duration and quality of our sleep. But figuring out how this applies in practice is difficult. Although studies where people assess their own sleep have suggested an increase in sleep duration during winter, objective measures are needed to determine how exactly the seasons affect sleep.

【不管是夜貓子還是百靈鳥，我們的生物鐘都是由太陽(yáng)設(shè)定的。從理論上來(lái)說(shuō)，一年中白晝長(zhǎng)度和光照變化會(huì)影響我們睡眠的時(shí)長(zhǎng)和質(zhì)量。不過(guò)要弄清楚這些事情在實(shí)際中是如何發(fā)生的還有些困難。盡管自我睡眠評(píng)估的研究表明，冬季的睡眠時(shí)間會(huì)增加，但要明確季節(jié)究竟如何影響睡眠還需要客觀的測(cè)量?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

theoretically /?θi???r?t?kl?/ adv. 從理論上說(shuō)

duration /dju?re??n/ n. 持續(xù)期間

assess /??ses/ v. 評(píng)估，評(píng)定

[2] Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience that shows that, even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM sleep in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn.

【研究睡眠困難的科學(xué)家日前在《神經(jīng)科學(xué)前沿》雜志上發(fā)布了數(shù)據(jù)，該數(shù)據(jù)表明即使在睡眠受到干擾的城市人口中，人們?cè)诙斓目焖傺蹌?dòng)睡眠時(shí)間也要比夏天長(zhǎng)，而在秋天的深度睡眠時(shí)間較少?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

disrupt /d?s?r?pt/ v. 擾亂;打亂

REM sleep：快動(dòng)眼睡眠，也叫異相睡眠。它是睡眠質(zhì)量中的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。REM睡眠中，睡眠者的眼球有快速跳動(dòng)的現(xiàn)象，呼吸和心跳變得不規(guī)則，肌肉完全癱瘓，并且很難被外界喚醒。一般情況下，保持適度的REM睡眠對(duì)身體是有一定的好處的。過(guò)多會(huì)引起頭暈頭痛等;過(guò)少則會(huì)導(dǎo)致睡眠不足，睡眠質(zhì)量不好等。

【長(zhǎng)難句分析】

Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience that shows that, even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM sleep in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn.

主句：Scientists studying sleep difficulties have now published data in Frontiers in Neuroscience;其中studying sleep difficulties是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)修飾scientists;

定語(yǔ)從句：(data) shows that…;先行詞是data;

賓語(yǔ)從句：that even in an urban population experiencing disrupted sleep, humans experience longer REM in winter than summer and less deep sleep in autumn;其中，experiencing disrupted sleep是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)修飾population。

[3] “Possibly one of the most precious achievements in human evolution is an almost invisibility of seasonality on the behavioral level,” said Dr. Dieter Kunz, corresponding author of the study, based at the Clinic of Sleep & Chronomedicine at the St Hedwig Hospital, Berlin.

【該研究的通訊作者、柏林圣海德薇格醫(yī)院睡眠與時(shí)間醫(yī)學(xué)診所的研究員迪特爾·昆茨博士(Dr. Dieter Kunz)指出：“人類進(jìn)化中最珍貴的成就之一可能是在行為層面上幾乎看不到季節(jié)性(變化)”?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

evolution /?i?v??lu??n/ n. 進(jìn)化

invisibility /?n?v?z??b?l?ti/ n. 不可見(jiàn)性

seasonality /?si?z??n?l?ti/ n. 季節(jié)性

corresponding author 通訊作者

[4] “In our study we show that human sleep architecture varies substantially across seasons in an adult population living in an urban environment.”

【通過(guò)研究，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)生活在城市中的成年人的睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)在不同的季節(jié)有很大的變化?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

substantially /s?b?st?n??li/ adv. 非常;大大地

[5] Studying sleep

A team of scientists led by Ms. Aileen Seidler in Dr. Kunz’s working group at the Charité Medical University of Berlin recruited 292 patients that had undergone sleep studies called polysomnographies at the St Hedwig Hospital.

【柏林夏里特醫(yī)科大學(xué)(Charité Medical University of Berlin)昆茨博士工作組成員艾琳·塞德勒(Aileen Seidler)女士領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一支科學(xué)家團(tuán)隊(duì)招募了292名在圣海德威格醫(yī)院(St Hedwig Hospital)接受多導(dǎo)睡眠描記法研究的患者?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

recruit /r??kru?t/ v. 吸收(新成員);招募(新兵)n. 新警員

undergo /??nd??ɡ??/ v. 經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)受(變化、不快的事等)

polysomnography：多導(dǎo)睡眠描記法(PSG)，可以監(jiān)測(cè)睡眠時(shí)間、睡眠效率、清醒以及各種身體功能包括大腦活動(dòng)(通過(guò) EEG 監(jiān)測(cè))、眼動(dòng)(EOG)、肌肉運(yùn)動(dòng)(EMG)、心率(ECG)等。

[6] These studies are regularly carried out on patients who experience sleep-related difficulties, using a special laboratory where patients are asked to sleep naturally without an alarm clock, and the quality and type of sleep can be monitored as well as the length of sleep.

【這些研究會(huì)定期在有睡眠障礙的患者身上進(jìn)行。在一個(gè)特殊的實(shí)驗(yàn)室里，研究者要求患者在沒(méi)有鬧鐘的情況下自然入睡，以便檢測(cè)睡眠質(zhì)量、類型和時(shí)間?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

monitor /?m?n?t?(r)/ v. 監(jiān)視;檢查;跟蹤 n. 顯示器;班長(zhǎng)

[7] Although the sleep disorders could potentially affect the results, this makes for a large study group evenly spread throughout the year, allowing for the investigation of month-to-month differences.

【盡管睡眠障礙可能會(huì)影響結(jié)果，但這使得研究小組成員在一年中均勻分布，從而能夠?qū)υ露炔町愡M(jìn)行調(diào)查。】

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

disorder /d?s???d?(r)/ n. 雜亂;混亂

potentially /p??ten??li/ adv. 可能地;潛在地

evenly /?i?vnli/ adv. 平均地;有規(guī)律地

[8] The team excluded patients who were taking medications known to affect sleep, technical failures during the polysomnography, and REM sleep latency longer than 120 minutes, which suggested that the first REM sleep episode had been skipped. Once these exclusions had been made, 188 patients remained. Most of their diagnoses showed no seasonal pattern, but insomnia was more commonly diagnosed towards the end of the year.

【研究小組排除了服用已知會(huì)影響睡眠的藥物、多導(dǎo)睡眠描記法中出現(xiàn)技術(shù)故障以及快速眼動(dòng)睡眠潛伏期超過(guò)120分鐘的患者，這表明第一次快速眼動(dòng)睡眠被跳過(guò)了。將有這些情況的患者排除后，還剩下188人。雖然從他們大多數(shù)人的診斷中看不出季節(jié)性變化，但是可以看出年底失眠的情況更常見(jiàn)?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

exclude /?k?sklu?d/ v. 不包括;不放在考慮之列

latency /?le?t?nsi/ n. 延遲;潛伏期

episode /?ep?s??d/ n. 事件;經(jīng)歷

skip /sk?p/ v. 蹦蹦跳跳地走;不做，逃避

diagnose /?da??ɡn??z/ v. 診斷(疾病)

[9] Winter sees more REM sleep

Even though the patients were based in an urban environment with low natural light exposure and high light pollution, which should affect any seasonality regulated by light, the scientists found subtle but striking changes across the seasons. Although total sleep time appeared to be about an hour longer in the winter than the summer, this result was not statistically significant.

【盡管患者生活在自然光照較少、光污染嚴(yán)重的城市環(huán)境中，這應(yīng)該會(huì)影響受光控制的任何季節(jié)性變化，但科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了季節(jié)之間微妙而又顯著的變化。盡管冬季的總睡眠時(shí)間似乎比夏季長(zhǎng)了大約一個(gè)小時(shí)，但這一結(jié)果并沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

regulate /?reɡjule?t/ v. 約束;控制;管理

subtle /?s?tl/ adj. 不易察覺(jué)的;微妙的

striking /?stra?k??/ adj. 引人注目的;顯著的

statistically /st??t?st?kli/ adv. 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上

[10] However, REM sleep was 30 minutes longer in the winter than in summer. REM sleep is known to be directly linked to the circadian clock, which is affected by changing light. Although the team acknowledged that these results would need to be validated in a population which experiences no sleep difficulties, the seasonal changes may be even greater in a healthy population.

【然而，冬季的快速眼動(dòng)睡眠比夏季長(zhǎng)30分鐘。眾所周知，快速眼動(dòng)睡眠直接與生物鐘相關(guān)，而生物鐘會(huì)受到光線變化的影響。盡管研究小組承認(rèn)這些結(jié)果需要在沒(méi)有睡眠困難的人群中去驗(yàn)證，但在健康人群中，季節(jié)性變化可能會(huì)更大。】

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

circadian /s???ke?di?n/ adj. 晝夜節(jié)律的;生理節(jié)奏的

validate /?v?l?de?t/ v. 證實(shí);確認(rèn);使生效

[11] “This study needs to be replicated in a large cohort of healthy subjects,” cautioned Kunz.

【昆茨提醒道：“這些研究需要在大批健康受試者身上重復(fù)進(jìn)行”?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

replicate /?repl?ke?t/ v. 復(fù)制; 重做(試驗(yàn)、工作或研究)

[12] Although most people’s waking time is currently largely out of their control, due to school or work schedules, society might benefit from accommodations which would allow humans to respond more effectively to the changing seasons. In the meantime, going to sleep earlier in the winter might help accommodate human seasonality.

【盡管大多數(shù)人的起床時(shí)間受學(xué)?；蛘吖ぷ鞯挠绊?，但讓人們更有效地應(yīng)對(duì)季節(jié)變化的調(diào)整，于社會(huì)而言可能是有益的。與此同時(shí)，在冬天早睡可能有助于適應(yīng)人類的季節(jié)性變化?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

accommodation /??k?m??de??n/ n. 住處;住宿

respond /r??sp?nd/ v. 回答;回應(yīng) (respond to…)

[13] “Seasonality is ubiquitous in any living being on this planet,” said Kunz.

【昆茨指出：“季節(jié)性在這個(gè)星球上的任何生物身上都是無(wú)處不在的”?！?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

ubiquitous /ju??b?kw?t?s/ adj. 無(wú)所不在的

[14] “Even though we still perform unchanged, over the winter human physiology is down-regulated, with a sensation of ‘running-on-empty’ in February or March. In general, societies need to adjust sleep habits including length and timing to season, or adjust school and working schedules to seasonal sleep needs.”

【“盡管我們沒(méi)有表現(xiàn)出季節(jié)性變化，但在冬季，人體生理機(jī)能會(huì)下降，在2月或3月有一種‘被掏空’的感覺(jué)。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，社會(huì)需要根據(jù)季節(jié)調(diào)整睡眠習(xí)慣，包括睡眠時(shí)長(zhǎng)和時(shí)間，或者根據(jù)季節(jié)睡眠需求調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)和工作時(shí)間?！薄?/p>

【重點(diǎn)詞匯】

physiology /?f?zi??l?d?i/ n. 生理學(xué)

sensation /sen?se??n/ n. 感覺(jué);知覺(jué)

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