2014年考研英語(yǔ)二真題及答案詳解完整版

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.

Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11  .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13  BMI.

Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.

1. [A] denied           [B] concluded       [C] doubled                [D] ensured

2. [A] protective         [B] dangerous       [C] sufficient              [D]troublesome

3. [A] Instead           [B] However         [C] Likewise                [D] Therefore

4. [A] indicator          [B] objective        [C] origin                  [D] example

5. [A] impact          [B] relevance       [C] assistance             [D] concern

6. [A] in terms of        [B] in case of       [C] in favor of              [D] in of

7. [A] measures         [B] determines     [C] equals                   [D] modifies

8. [A] in essence         [B] in contrast      [C] in turn               [D] in part

9. [A] complicated       [B] conservative     [C] variable              [D] straightforward

10. [A] so                 [B] while            [C] since                [D] unless

11. [A] shape              [B] spirit            [C] balance              [D] taste

12. [A] start              [B] quality           [C] retire                [D] stay

13. [A] strange          [B] changeable       [C] normal              [D] constant

14. [A] option             [B] reason            [C] opportunity           [D] tendency

15. [A] employed        [B] pictured          [C] imitated              [D] monitored

16. [A] computed         [B] combined        [C] settled               [D] associated

17. [A] Even             [B] Still             [C] Yet                 [D] Only

18. [A] despised         [B] corrected          [C] ignored              [D] grounded

19. [A] discussions      [B] businesses        [C] policies              [D] studies

20. [A] for                [B] against          [C] with                 [D] without

SectionⅠUse of English

文章分析

本文是一篇關(guān)于肥胖與健康關(guān)系新說(shuō)法的議論文。第一段引出作者對(duì)身材的看法：并不是越瘦就證明人越健康。第二段中作者介紹了一種定義肥胖癥的指標(biāo) BMI。第三段中作者指出 BMI 其實(shí)揭示的是人體的脂肪量，并不是說(shuō)明身材好壞的指數(shù)。第四段中講述了整個(gè)社會(huì)其實(shí)會(huì)給肥胖者貼上消極標(biāo)簽，無(wú)論是在電視節(jié)目中還是在孩子們的心目中，胖人的形象總是與消極聯(lián)系起來(lái)。最后一段講述了人們以健康的角度去考慮肥胖的影響，和已經(jīng)采取的一些對(duì)抗肥胖的種種策略。

試題解析
Thinner isn't always better. A number of studies have __1__ that normalweight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are healthy conditions for which being overweight is actually __2__. For example, heavierwomen are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. __3__,among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an __4__ of good health.

【譯文】太瘦也不總是好事。一些研究已經(jīng)得出結(jié)論：正常體重的人實(shí)際上比一些超重的人更容易患上某些疾病。有些肥胖對(duì)健康還有保護(hù)作用。例如稍微超重的女性跟消瘦的女性相比，不易受到鈣質(zhì)缺乏的影響。同樣的，在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身體健康的標(biāo)志。

1.[A] denied 否認(rèn) [B] concluded 得出結(jié)論 [C] doubled 兩倍，加倍努力 [D] ensured 確保

【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“一系列的研究已經(jīng)________，事實(shí)上，正常體重的人患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要高于超重的人”。根據(jù)句義，后面的部分實(shí)際上是研究結(jié)論，因此 B 項(xiàng) concluded 符合題意。

【命題思路】本題根據(jù)上下文所給信息判斷答案，同時(shí)也考查考生對(duì)相近含義的詞匯辨析。

【干擾排除】A 項(xiàng) denied“否認(rèn)”，與原文意義相反；C 項(xiàng) doubled“翻倍”，與題意較遠(yuǎn)；D 項(xiàng) ensured“確保”，不符合題意，因?yàn)檠芯坎荒艽_保后面的事實(shí)，只能得出后面的事實(shí)作為結(jié)論。

2.[A] protective 防護(hù)的，保護(hù)的 [B] dangerous 危險(xiǎn)的 [C] sufficient 足夠的，充分的 [D] troublesome 麻煩的

【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“對(duì)于某些健康情況，超重事實(shí)上是有________”。根據(jù)前文研究的結(jié)論，下文的舉例說(shuō)明是對(duì)該句的具體論述。綜上可知，超重能減少罹患疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，說(shuō)明超重具有一定的保護(hù)作用。

【命題思路】本題根據(jù)上下文所給信息判斷答案，同時(shí)也考查考生對(duì)形容詞的辨析。

【干擾排除】句首以 And 開(kāi)頭，說(shuō)明在語(yǔ)義上該句與上一句是并列相關(guān)的，強(qiáng)調(diào)肥胖對(duì)健康的好處。B項(xiàng)dangerous“危險(xiǎn)的”，與文章意思相反；C 項(xiàng) sufficient“充足的”，D 項(xiàng) troublesome“麻煩的”，不符合題意。

3.[A] Instead 代替，反而 [B] However 然而，不管怎樣 [C] Likewise 同樣地 [D] Therefore 因此

【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系

【直擊答案】第四、五句話舉例說(shuō)明?！绑w重較重的女人患缺鈣的比例低于較瘦的女人。________，在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身體健康的________”。需要填入的是和前半句表示順接的詞語(yǔ)。A項(xiàng)Instead和B項(xiàng)However 表示逆接的句意關(guān)系，D 項(xiàng) Therefore 表示因果關(guān)系。只有 C 項(xiàng) Likewise“同樣地；也，而且”，表示順接關(guān)系，符合題意。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的理解。

【干擾排除】這個(gè)題目的難點(diǎn)在于為什么不能將最后一句理解為跟上文相反的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系呢，比如：然而，在老年人中，一定程度上超重是身體健康的(克星/障礙)，但是下文的第四個(gè)空給的備選詞并沒(méi)有類(lèi)似括號(hào)里我們猜測(cè)的消極含義詞匯，所以，所猜想的轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)義關(guān)系也不成立，只能選表示順接關(guān)系的詞匯 likewise。

4.[A] indicator 指標(biāo) [B] objective 目標(biāo) [C] origin 來(lái)源 [D] example 實(shí)例；例證

【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“同樣的，一定程度上超重，經(jīng)常是健康的________”。根據(jù)前面的文章內(nèi)容，已經(jīng)明確指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指標(biāo)。因此正確答案為 A 項(xiàng)。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語(yǔ)義的正確把握。

【干擾排除】干擾性強(qiáng)的是 B 項(xiàng)，有考生會(huì)將其理解為“客觀物質(zhì)”，但原文結(jié)構(gòu)中此處需要一個(gè)名詞，objective“客觀的”是形容詞， objective 作名詞時(shí)意為“目標(biāo)”，另有考生被形近詞 objection“反對(duì)”干擾。

Of even greater __5__ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined __6__ body mass index, or BMI. BMI __7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, __8__,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

【譯文】需要更加關(guān)注是，很難對(duì)肥胖加以定義。肥胖經(jīng)常根據(jù)身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)來(lái)定義，或叫做 BMI，它等于身體重量除以身高平方。正常成年人的是 BMI 值應(yīng)該在 18～25 之間。25～30 的話視為超重。30 以上視為肥胖。肥胖依次能夠分為中度肥胖、重度肥胖和極度肥胖。

5.[A] impact 影響，效果 [B] relevance 相關(guān)性 [C] assistance 輔助 [D] concern 關(guān)系，關(guān)心

【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“需要更加________是，很難對(duì)肥胖加以定義”。前文已經(jīng)說(shuō)到肥胖事實(shí)上有利健康，但是又面臨一個(gè)問(wèn)題，到底如何去定義肥胖，因此需要更加關(guān)注的是對(duì)肥胖的定義，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合題意，所以正確答案為 D 項(xiàng)。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語(yǔ)義的正確把握。

【干擾排除】A 項(xiàng) impact“影響，效果”，B 項(xiàng) relevance“相關(guān)性”，C 項(xiàng) assistance“輔助”此處空格前有 even greater來(lái)修飾，將這幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)的名詞含義代入檢測(cè)，都與上文沒(méi)有必要的相關(guān)性，所以都不可作為答案。

6.[A] in terms of 依據(jù)，根據(jù) [B] in case of 萬(wàn)一，假設(shè) [C] in favor of 有利于，支持 [D] in respect of 關(guān)于，涉及

【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“肥胖經(jīng)常________體質(zhì)指數(shù)，或稱(chēng)為 BMI 來(lái)定義”。下文根據(jù) BMI 指數(shù)的不同對(duì)肥胖進(jìn)行了分級(jí)。由此可知，BMI 是一種根據(jù)。A 項(xiàng) in terms of 意為“根據(jù)…… ，就…… 而言”，符合句意，為正確答案。在醫(yī)學(xué)研究和臨床測(cè)試中經(jīng)常使用 BMI 作為衡量受試者健康的重要指標(biāo)，希望考生能夠記住這一背景知識(shí)，方便日后做題。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解，并考查常見(jiàn)詞組的辨析。

【干擾排除】B 項(xiàng) in case of“萬(wàn)一，假設(shè)”，C 項(xiàng) in favor of“贊成，以……來(lái)取代”，D 項(xiàng) in respect of “關(guān)于”。將此三項(xiàng)代入文中，均不符合題意。這些短語(yǔ)的考查頻率非常高，有些已經(jīng)成為真題中常見(jiàn)的干擾項(xiàng)，同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)時(shí)要加強(qiáng)記憶。

7.[A] measures 測(cè)量 [B] determines 決定 [C] equals 等同于 [D] modifies 修改

【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“BMI________體重除以身高的平方”。此處用文字?jǐn)⑹隽?BMI 指數(shù)得出的方法，也就是一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)公式，所以 equals 符合題意。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解，并考查動(dòng)詞辨析。

【干擾排除】A 項(xiàng)是強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，有考生看到空格后面是一些計(jì)算 BMI 的方法，可能在不太清楚句意的時(shí)候會(huì)聯(lián)想到“測(cè)量”的概念，實(shí)際上這里需要選擇“所指，等同于”的概念。

8.[A] in essence 本質(zhì)上 [B] in contrast 相反 [C] in turn 輪流，依次 [D] in part 部分地

【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“肥胖________能夠分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和極度肥胖”。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，本句是將肥胖依次分級(jí)，分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，A 項(xiàng) in essence“事實(shí)上，本質(zhì)上”，B 項(xiàng) in contrast“相反地”，C 項(xiàng) in turn“依次”，D 項(xiàng) in part“部分地”，C 項(xiàng)符合題意。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解，并考查相似介詞短語(yǔ)辨析。

【干擾排除】此處需要一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)來(lái)順成上下文的關(guān)系，由于下文也沒(méi)有揭示肥胖構(gòu)成的事實(shí)，所以 A 項(xiàng)不成立。上下文不存在對(duì)立關(guān)系，所以不能選 B 項(xiàng)。D 項(xiàng)不符合語(yǔ)義。

While such numerical standards seem __9__， they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, __10__ others with a low BMI may be in poor __11__. For example, many collegiate and professional football players __12__ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a __13__ BMI.

【譯文】雖然這些數(shù)字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看起來(lái)直截了當(dāng)，實(shí)際卻不是這樣。肥胖相比體重而言，更強(qiáng)調(diào)脂肪含量。有些人BMI值很高，但是身材卻相當(dāng)好，有些人BMI值雖然低，但是體型卻很差。例如，有些職業(yè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員被認(rèn)為很胖，但是身體脂肪量卻很低。相反，一些小個(gè)頭的胖子BMI值卻正常。

9.[A] complicated 復(fù)雜的，難懂的 [B] conservative 保守的 [C] variable 可變的，易變的 [D]straightforward 簡(jiǎn)單的，直接的

【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“相比之下，這樣的數(shù)字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看起來(lái)________，實(shí)際上不是的”。這里的數(shù)字標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指肥胖指數(shù)，且下文也講述了 BMI 指數(shù)的高低并不與身材的好壞成正比，只是這些數(shù)字看起來(lái)好像能反映與身材之間的關(guān)系而已。D 項(xiàng) straightforward“直截了當(dāng)?shù)摹?，符合題意，因此為正確答案。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語(yǔ)義的理解，并考查形容詞辨析。

【干擾排除】肥胖指數(shù)分為三類(lèi)，而且算法比較簡(jiǎn)單，所以 A 項(xiàng) complicated“復(fù)雜的”不正確。B conservative“保守的”，用于描述一種數(shù)學(xué)公式，不恰當(dāng)。一名患者或一名受試者的 BMI 一般是確定的，因此C項(xiàng)variable“可變的”也不符合題意。
10.[A] so 所以 [B] while 然而 [C] since 既然，自從 [D] unless 除非

【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“一些人有很高的 BMI，實(shí)際上身材正好，________其他人有較低的 BMI 指數(shù)，可能________”。從前半句可看出，有些人的 BMI 指數(shù)很高，應(yīng)該屬于體重肥胖的人，事實(shí)上身材正好，這里說(shuō)明的是反常的現(xiàn)象，后半句是其他人的 BMI 指數(shù)較低，而________較差。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有 while 有轉(zhuǎn)折的含義，其他選項(xiàng)均不符合題意，所以正確答案為 B 項(xiàng)。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的正確把握。

【干擾排除】A 項(xiàng)表示因果關(guān)系，C 項(xiàng)表示原因或讓步關(guān)系，D 項(xiàng)表示讓步關(guān)系，都不能體現(xiàn)上下文之間的對(duì)立關(guān)系，非正確答案。

11.[A] shape 形狀，身材 [B] spirit 精神，心靈 [C] balance 平衡，勻稱(chēng) [D] taste 味道，品味

【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】本句可簡(jiǎn)化為：Some … are fit, while others …may be in poor ________.從中可看出前后意義相反，且fit(體型健康的)與in poor ______對(duì)應(yīng)，與之最相關(guān)是A項(xiàng)shape“外形”，故為正確答案。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的正確把握。

【干擾排除】根據(jù)上面分析，只要看出前后兩句之間明顯的對(duì)立且對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，將其他干擾答案項(xiàng)代入，“精神”、“均衡”、“品味”都與原文相差較遠(yuǎn)，可以排除。

12.[A] start 開(kāi)始，啟動(dòng) [B] qualify 使有資格，被認(rèn)為 [C] retire 退休 [D] stay 停留，堅(jiān)持

【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】本句順應(yīng)前文意義：有一些人體型很好，有些人體型肥胖。接著舉例說(shuō)有些專(zhuān)業(yè)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員____是肥胖的，然而他們的身體脂肪量卻很低。B 項(xiàng) qualify“被認(rèn)為”符合句意，正確。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文句意的正確把握。

【干擾排除】將 A、C、D 項(xiàng)代入文中，“開(kāi)始”、“退休”和“停留”不符合句意。

13.[A] strange 奇怪的 [B] changeable 可改變的 [C] normal 正常的 [D] constant 不變的，恒定的

【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】干擾排除本句不難理解，因?yàn)榫涫子?conversely 與上文構(gòu)成語(yǔ)義對(duì)立， 講有些人個(gè)頭小，脂肪量過(guò)高，但是BMI卻____。所需詞匯明顯是積極方向的，C項(xiàng)“正常的”，為正確答案。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文句意的正確把握。

【干擾排除】根據(jù)句意，排除 A、B 項(xiàng)。D 項(xiàng)屬于比較中性的詞，且不符合句意。

Today we have a(an) __14__ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes __15__ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes __16__with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. __17__very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

【譯文】今天我們都有向肥胖貼歧視標(biāo)簽的趨勢(shì)。媒體中呈現(xiàn)肥胖者時(shí)通常把他們的臉蓋起來(lái)。與肥胖聯(lián)系起來(lái)的原型總是包括懶惰，缺乏意志力，對(duì)成功的期望值不高。教師，雇員和健康工作者都是對(duì)肥胖抱有偏見(jiàn)。甚至小孩子也看不起肥胖的者，在學(xué)校嘲笑身材體型不好的同學(xué)一直是一個(gè)存在的問(wèn)題。

14.[A] option 選擇(權(quán)) [B] reason 原因 [C] opportunity 機(jī)會(huì) [D] tendency 趨勢(shì)

【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在的后半句：to label obesity as disgrace(給肥胖貼上丟人的標(biāo)簽)，作為空格處的后置定語(yǔ)。下文也在講述媒體、老師、雇員、健康工作者和孩子們都傾向于鄙視肥胖癥的。D 項(xiàng)符合句意。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文信息的理解。

【干擾排除】將 A、B、C 三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，“選擇(權(quán))”、“理由”、“機(jī)會(huì)”代入空格處，均與文意不符。

15.[A] employed 雇傭 [B] pictured 描繪 [C] imitated 模仿 [D] monitored 監(jiān)控

【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】上句提到了我們都傾向于給肥胖貼上歧視的標(biāo)簽，空格所在句提到了媒體，媒體中將肥胖者的面部成像都進(jìn)行了面部隱藏處理。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，跟媒體相關(guān)的詞匯只有 C 項(xiàng) picture“刻畫(huà)，描寫(xiě)，描述”，因此為正確答案。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解，并考查動(dòng)詞辨析。

【干擾排除】此處所提供的選項(xiàng)都是過(guò)去分詞作 the overweight 的后置定語(yǔ)，A 項(xiàng)代入后可理解為“被媒體雇傭的肥胖者”，但是后面的介詞應(yīng)該用 by。C、D 兩項(xiàng)代入后語(yǔ)義與全文不符。

16.[A] computed 計(jì)算 [B] combined 聯(lián)合 [C] settled 固定 [D] associated 聯(lián)系

【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“肥胖會(huì)與原型___包括懶惰、缺乏意志力和對(duì)成功的期望值不高”?？崭窈竺嫣岬降膽卸?、缺乏意志力和對(duì)成功的期望值不高都是與肥胖進(jìn)行的人為關(guān)聯(lián)，分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，D 項(xiàng) associated“聯(lián)系”，符合句意。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句意的理解，并考查動(dòng)詞辨析。

【干擾排除】首先在結(jié)構(gòu)上能與 with 構(gòu)成搭配四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。但是 A 項(xiàng)因?yàn)榕c原文語(yǔ)義差別較大，可首先排除。B 項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“聯(lián)合”，與原文的“聯(lián)系”有細(xì)微的差別，語(yǔ)義上不能說(shuō)“原型與某些品質(zhì)聯(lián)合”。

17.[A] Even 甚至 [B] Still 仍然 [C] Yet 然而 [D] Only 僅僅

【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)】邏輯關(guān)系

【直擊答案】空格所在句意為“是___小孩子蔑視超重，而且對(duì)身材的嘲笑一直是學(xué)校的一個(gè)問(wèn)題”。空格缺少一個(gè)副詞，構(gòu)成與上文的聯(lián)系。上文講到了大人們都在歧視肥胖(教師、雇員、健康工作者)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，此處應(yīng)該填入表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的詞匯，分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有 A 項(xiàng) Even “即使”符合題意。

【命題思路】本題考查上下文的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。

【干擾排除】B 項(xiàng)Still表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系時(shí)其后一般要加逗號(hào)。C項(xiàng)Yet用表示上下文的對(duì)立關(guān)系中。D項(xiàng)Only引導(dǎo)條件關(guān)系，與原文語(yǔ)義不符。

Negative attitudes toward obesity, __18__ in health concerns, have stimulated a number of antiobesity __19__. My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high visibility campaign __20__ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.

【譯文】基于健康考慮的對(duì)肥胖的消極態(tài)度，已經(jīng)引發(fā)一系列的對(duì)抗肥胖的相關(guān)措施。我自己工作的醫(yī)院的供飲設(shè)備已經(jīng)停止發(fā)放含糖飲料。很多雇員已經(jīng)有了減肥健身的積極性。米歇爾奧巴馬已經(jīng)倡議發(fā)起一些明確的對(duì)抗兒童發(fā)胖的活動(dòng)，甚至表明它是我們最大的安全威脅。

18.[A] despised 蔑視 [B] corrected 修正 [C] ignored 忽視 [D] grounded 以……為基礎(chǔ)

【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】空格前講到對(duì)肥胖的負(fù)面態(tài)度，空格后講到對(duì)健康的關(guān)注，激發(fā)一批反肥胖的________。本句沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)任何轉(zhuǎn)折詞，說(shuō)明空格前后所表達(dá)的意思是一致的，反對(duì)肥胖，是基于對(duì)健康的關(guān)注。分析四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，能夠表達(dá)此意思的詞匯，只有 D 項(xiàng) grounded“基于”。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文的語(yǔ)義的理解。

【干擾排除】此空是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)作插入語(yǔ)，修飾本句主語(yǔ) negative attitudes，意為“……的健康關(guān)注”，將其他三項(xiàng)語(yǔ)義“受到健康關(guān)注的輕視”“基于健康關(guān)注的修正”和“對(duì)健康關(guān)注的忽視”代進(jìn)去都與原文語(yǔ)義不符，因此不可選。

19.[A] discussions 論述，討論 [B] businesses 商業(yè)，交易 [C] policies 政策 [D] studies 研究，學(xué)習(xí)

【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】解答此題需要聯(lián)系空格后面緊跟著的句子?？蘸蟮木渥映霈F(xiàn)了一系列表示同一個(gè)語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)的詞匯，如 hospital system，ban，many employers institute, 指向的意思是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中所出臺(tái)的政策的問(wèn)題。瀏覽四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)policies 符合題意，直接入選。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)上下文的語(yǔ)義的理解。

【干擾排除】D 項(xiàng)是強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，代入原文與空格部分形成“對(duì)抗肥胖的研究”，但此含義與下文出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)不吻合，因?yàn)椤把芯俊币话愣喑鲎杂跈C(jī)構(gòu)，科研院所等層面的場(chǎng)所，醫(yī)院更多是治病救人的地方。

20.[A] for 為了 [B] against 反對(duì)，對(duì)立 [C] with 隨著 [D] without 沒(méi)有

【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)】詞義辨析

【直擊答案】本段的主題是反對(duì)肥胖，本句話屬于細(xì)節(jié)的句子，用來(lái)支持主題，空格所在句講到米歇爾·奧巴馬已經(jīng)發(fā)起了一個(gè)高知名度的活動(dòng)____兒童肥胖，甚至告訴奧茲博士，它代表了我們最大的安全威脅?？崭裨~匯應(yīng)該含有“反對(duì)，反抗”的意思?？v觀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有 B 項(xiàng) against 符合題意。

【命題思路】本題考查對(duì)句子意思的理解。

【干擾排除】其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)使用代入法驗(yàn)證， A 項(xiàng) for“對(duì)于，因?yàn)椤备蓴_性強(qiáng)，代入原文意為“關(guān)于兒童肥胖的活動(dòng)”，與原文語(yǔ)義不符，故不正確。

核心詞匯

deficiency n. 缺陷，缺點(diǎn) obesity n. 肥大，肥胖

overweight n. 超重 define vt. 給……下定義，解釋?zhuān)幌薅ǎ?guī)定

divide vt.劃分，除 collegiate a. 大學(xué)的，學(xué)院的

conversely ad.相反地 frame n. 框架，結(jié)構(gòu)

disgrace n. 恥辱 v．使…… 失寵，丟臉 prospect n. 前景；景象

tease vt. 戲弄，取笑 harbor n. 海港 vt.庇護(hù)，懷有

bias n. 偏見(jiàn)，偏心，偏袒 vt.使有偏見(jiàn) stimulate vt. 刺激，激勵(lì)

facility n. 設(shè)施，工具 security n. 安全，保障；抵押品；[pl.] 證券

長(zhǎng)難句分析

A number of studies have concluded that normalweight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.

【分析】該句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，句子的主干是 studies haveconcluded that，賓語(yǔ)由 that 引導(dǎo)的從句組成。從句主干是 people are higher risk, 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) compared to…作 diseases 的后置定語(yǔ)，從句的后半部分還嵌有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句 who are overweight，該句的先行詞是 those，指那些肥胖的人。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1
What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-­year-­old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-­roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-­found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.

These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old­hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms. Dumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib—a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.

21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?

[A] A big house.    [B] A special tour.      [C] A stylish car.       [D] A rich meal.

22. The author's attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is ________.

[A] critical            [B] supportive           [C] sympathetic         [D] ambiguous

23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that ________.

[A] consumers are sometimes irrational                     [B] popularity usually comes after quality

[C] marketing tricks are after effective                      [D] rarity generally increases pleasure

24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money ________.

[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism           

[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US        

[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement

25. This text mainly discusses how to ________.

[A] balance feeling good and spending money          

[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries

[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent       

[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries

Text 2
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep­seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self­enhancing strategies to research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self­affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.

Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self­enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which must did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.

Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self­enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self­esteem. “I don't think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won't be self­enhancing.

Knowing the results of Epley's study, it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level, they don't even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook therefore, is a self­enhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. “It's not that people's profiles are dishonest”, says Catalina Toma of Wiscon—Madison university,” but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that ________.

[A] our self­ratings are unrealistically high             

[B] illusory superiority is a baseless effect

[C] our need for leadership is unnatural               

[D] self-­enhancing strategies are ineffective

27. Visual recognition is believed to be people's ________.

[A] rapid watching                                   [B] conscious choice  

[C] intuitive response                               [D] automatic self-­defence

28. Epley found that people with higher self­esteem tended to ________.

[A] underestimate their insecurities            [B] believe in their attractiveness

[C] cover up their depressions               [D] oversimplify their illusions

29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to ________.

[A] instinctively    [B] occasionally        [C] particularly              [D] aggressively

30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-­enhancer’s paradise because people can ________.

[A] present their dishonest profiles          [B] define their traditional life styles

[C] share their intellectual pursuits           [D] withhold their unflattering sides

Text 3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.

When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.

This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.

Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U. S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.

It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” That's not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.

As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”

31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would ________.

[A] ease the competition of man vs. Machine             [B] highlight machines' threat to human jobs

[C] provoke a painful technological revolution           [D] outmode our current economic structure

32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ________.

[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities [B] automation is accelerating technological development

[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation    [D] man will finally win the race against machine

33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U. S. are often ________.

[A] performed by innovative minds                      [B] scripted with an individual style

[C] standardized without a clear target                [D] designed against human creativity

34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed ________.

[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice

[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently

[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times 

[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace

35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?

[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?            [B] Machines will Replace Human Labor

[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?          [D] Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations

Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion­pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60, 000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015，is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-­scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

36. The author believes that the housing sector ________.

[A] has attracted much attention                     [B] involves certain political factors

[C] shoulders too much responsibility                [D] has lost its real value in economy

37. It can be learned that affordable housing has ________.

[A] increased its home supply                      [B] offered spending opportunities

[C] suffered government biases                    [D] disappointed the government

38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may ________.

[A] allow greater government debt for housing      

[B] stop local authorities from building homes

[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt           

[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would ________.

[A] lower the costs of registered providers            

[B] lessen the impact of government interference

[C] contribute to funding new developments        

[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities

40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may ________.

[A] implement more policies to support housing    

[B] review the need for large-­scale public grants

[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme

[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21、【答案】B A special tour

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。答案定位在第二段的“it is far better to spend money on experiences?like interesting trips?”，意思是“花錢(qián)消費(fèi)在經(jīng)歷方面更好??，比如說(shuō)有趣的旅行??”，由此可以得知答案是 B 選項(xiàng)“一場(chǎng)特別的旅行”。

22、【答案】A critical

【解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。答案定位在第三段的“something the average American spends a whopping twomonths a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it”，意思是“普通美國(guó)人一年花兩個(gè)月的時(shí)間看電視，并且看電視幾乎不可能更愉快”，因此可以得知作者對(duì)于看電視的態(tài)度是 A 選項(xiàng)“批判的”。

23、【答案】D rarity generally increases pleasure

【解析】觀點(diǎn)例證題。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到 Mc Rib 這個(gè)例子，用這個(gè)例子證明的論點(diǎn)是“l(fā)uxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly”，大意是“有節(jié)制地消費(fèi)奢侈品最令人愉悅”，D 選項(xiàng)正是這句論點(diǎn)句的同義替換。

24、【答案】B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句“most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent”，大意是“大多數(shù)人看完這本書(shū)后，認(rèn)為物有所值”，因此可以推知 B 選項(xiàng)是正確答案。

25、【答案】A balance feeling good and spending money

【解析】主旨題?？v觀全文可知，全文主要談?wù)摶ㄥX(qián)消費(fèi)和心情愉悅之間的關(guān)系，因此答案定位在 A選項(xiàng)。

Text 2

26、【答案】A our self-ratings are unrealistically high

【解析】題目問(wèn)“根據(jù)第一段，社會(huì)心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?”對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第一段第三句“社會(huì)心理學(xué)家對(duì)所謂的‘高于均數(shù)效應(yīng)’或者‘虛幻的優(yōu)越感’進(jìn)行大量的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)我們中 70%的人認(rèn)為自己的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力在平均水平之上??—這些數(shù)據(jù)明顯都是不可能的?！庇纱丝芍?，我們對(duì)自己評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)高。故答案為[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high。

27、【答案】C intuitive response

【解析】題目問(wèn)“視覺(jué)識(shí)別被認(rèn)為是人們的什么?”對(duì)應(yīng)于文章第三段第三句“視覺(jué)識(shí)別是自動(dòng)的心理過(guò)程，這個(gè)過(guò)程依靠直覺(jué)快速發(fā)生，且并不是故意的?！庇纱丝芍曈X(jué)識(shí)別被認(rèn)為是人們的直覺(jué)反應(yīng)。故答案為[C] intuitive response。

28、【答案】B believe in their attractiveness

【解析】題目問(wèn)“Epley發(fā)現(xiàn)有更高自尊的人傾向于怎樣”。對(duì)應(yīng)到第四段，第二句講到“沒(méi)有證據(jù)顯示那些自我提升最多的人這樣做是為了掩飾自己的不安全，接著講到：事實(shí)上，那些認(rèn)為自己的形象高于吸引力標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人就是那些表現(xiàn)出更高自尊的人，故答案為[B] believe in their attractiveness。

29、【答案】[A] instinctively

【解析】題目問(wèn)“最接近 viscerally 的意思的是?”。對(duì)應(yīng)到第五段，viscerally 所在句講到“許多人討厭照片中的自己，從某種層面上說(shuō)，他們甚至不承認(rèn)照片中的人是他們自己?！倍挛挠种v到 facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人們可以分享最滿意的的照片。”由此可知，viscerally 在本句中是“本質(zhì)上地”意思，故答案為[A] instinctively。

30、【答案】[D]withhold their unflattering sides

【解析】題干問(wèn)“我們可以推理出臉書(shū)(facebook)之所以是一個(gè)自我拔高者的天堂，是因?yàn)槿藗兛梢宰鍪裁?”對(duì)應(yīng)于文章最后一段的第二句，該句講到“在臉書(shū)(facebook)中，人們可以分享最滿意的照片?！毕挛慕又v到“不是人們不誠(chéng)實(shí)，而是人們展示了自己最理想的形象。”故答案為[D]withhold their unflattering sides。

Text 4

36、【答案】[B] involves certain political factors

【解析】根據(jù)本題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 housing sector 可以對(duì)應(yīng)到文章的第二段，中間說(shuō)的很多，我們注意到最后有 but 出現(xiàn)，最后應(yīng)該是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)，另外這里用了 the most significant 較高級(jí)，所以最后這個(gè)是最重要的一個(gè)原因，politically charged 和選項(xiàng) B 的 political factors 有對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，故選 B involves certain political factors。A 項(xiàng)的吸引注意沒(méi)有提及，C 項(xiàng)的承擔(dān)太多責(zé)任，原文說(shuō)的 shoulder the blame，D 項(xiàng)說(shuō)的喪失價(jià)值，原文說(shuō)的是不善于表明真正價(jià)值，兩者不一致，故排除。

37、【答案】[C] suffered government biases

【解析】經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房曾受到政府的偏見(jiàn)。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句話 It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要把歷史的偏見(jiàn)放在一邊并且采取一些策略解決我們迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是過(guò)去式，是對(duì)于原文 history 的同義反復(fù)，biases 是對(duì)原文prejudices 的同義反復(fù)。

38、【答案】[A] allow greater government debt for housing

【解析】根據(jù)人名 George Osborne 定位得知，此人將會(huì)讓當(dāng)?shù)卣脕?lái)償還建房借貸的限額變得更加寬松，并在借貸限額放寬的情況下，將會(huì)另有 60,000 所房屋在未來(lái)的五年中建立，并由此拉動(dòng)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的百分之零點(diǎn)六。因此 A(允許更大的政府的建房借貸)是正確的，而 B(禁止當(dāng)?shù)卣ǚ?，C(準(zhǔn)備減少建房借貸)，D(發(fā)布國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)報(bào))都與原文意思不符。

39、【答案】[C] contribute to funding new developments

【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)文章題干定位到第五段，題干考察的是對(duì)穩(wěn)定的租賃環(huán)境的理解。A 項(xiàng)的意思是“減少注冊(cè)供應(yīng)者的成本”，其中“成本一詞”并未在文中出現(xiàn)，屬于無(wú)中生有。B項(xiàng)的意思是“減少政府接介入的影響”，其中“政府介入”并未在文中出現(xiàn)，屬于無(wú)中生有。B 項(xiàng)的意思是“有助于為新發(fā)展提供資金支持”，其中“為新發(fā)展提供資金持”對(duì)應(yīng)文中的“fund new developments”;C選項(xiàng)中的“contribute to”(意思是有助于)對(duì)英文中的have a significant impact(意思是有重要影響)，符合正解的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)原則，所以是正確選項(xiàng)。

40、【答案】[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段第三行?？疾斓氖?2015 年以后政府的可能性動(dòng)作。A 項(xiàng)的意思是“推行更多的政策來(lái)支持住房”與原文意義相反。B 項(xiàng)的意思是重新審視大規(guī)模公共撥款的需求，與原文倒數(shù)第二段意義相違背。C 項(xiàng)的意思是更新可負(fù)擔(dān)的住房撥款項(xiàng)目并沒(méi)有提到 renew 一詞。D 項(xiàng)的意思是停止對(duì)住房部門(mén)的大額資助，與原文的倒數(shù)第二句相匹配，故為正確選項(xiàng)。

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A] You are not alone

[B] Don’t fear responsibility for your life

[C] Pave your own unique path

[D] Most of your fears are unreal

[E] Think about the present moment

[F] Experience helps you grow

[G] There are many things to be grateful for

Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough Times

Unfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.

When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I’ve learned along the way.

41._____________________________

Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.

42._____________________________

If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.

43.______________________________

Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.

44.________________________________

No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.

45.________________________________

Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.

Part B

41、【答案】[D] Most of your fears are unreal

【解析】本段中出現(xiàn)了多次詞義復(fù)現(xiàn)，如Fear is not real以及fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination(恐懼只是豐富想象的產(chǎn)物)。Unfortunately轉(zhuǎn)折后作者通過(guò)引用Will Smith的話以及自己的總結(jié)強(qiáng)調(diào)揭示了段落主題。

42、【答案】[E] Think about the presentmoment

【解析】該題所在段落平鋪直敘，因此第一句話為段落中心句，其中關(guān)鍵信息是focus on the present moment，與選項(xiàng)E主題詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。下文中又多次復(fù)現(xiàn)了主題詞，如value the present moment，moment以及present。

43、【答案】[G] There are many things to be grateful for

【解析】該題的解題線索是主題詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。段落中的appreciate，smile，value與grateful屬于近義復(fù)現(xiàn)，cry和complain與grateful是反義復(fù)現(xiàn)。

44、【答案】[A] You are not alone

【解析】段落首句出現(xiàn)了表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈語(yǔ)氣的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should，因此主題句為首句，關(guān)鍵信息為you are not alone，與A選項(xiàng)匹配。

45、【答案】[C] Pave your own unique path

【解析】該段落主題句為“When you…you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best.”作者正面提出了自己的觀點(diǎn)“相信自己以及自己的決定是最佳的”。下文進(jìn)一步闡釋?zhuān)渲衞wn thoughts, own values 以及own choices構(gòu)成了標(biāo)題中的own unique path。

47.section III Translation

Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down —say, after giving a bad lecture —he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.

Section Ⅲ Ⅲ Translation

重點(diǎn)詳解

According to BenShalar, realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

【考點(diǎn)】并列句；定語(yǔ)從句

【解析】①句子主干為 realistic optimists are these, but not these。

②由 but 引起的兩個(gè)并列句中實(shí)現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)從句的 these who(黑體部分)和 those who(黑體部分)的對(duì)應(yīng)，第一個(gè)分句
中嵌套 that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)分句中的斜體部分為賓語(yǔ)從句，作 believe 的賓語(yǔ)，省略了關(guān)系代詞 that
被。

【詞匯】optimist n. 樂(lè)觀主義者

【譯文】在本沙哈爾看來(lái)，現(xiàn)實(shí)的樂(lè)觀主義者會(huì)因勢(shì)利導(dǎo)，而非求全責(zé)備。He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn't.

【考點(diǎn)】介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句

【解析】①句子主干為 He analyzes the weak lecture。②非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) leaning lessons for the future 作主句的目的狀語(yǔ)，lessons 這里理解為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)，教訓(xùn)”。about的賓語(yǔ)是兩個(gè)并列的從句 what works and what doesn't，其中 what doesn't 為省略結(jié)構(gòu)，補(bǔ)充完整為 what doesn't work。

【詞匯】analyze v．分析

【譯文】他分析了一些效果不好的演講并且從那些起效和無(wú)效的演講中吸取教訓(xùn)為將來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備。

全文譯文
大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為樂(lè)觀是無(wú)盡的歡樂(lè)，如同總是有半杯水的杯子。但那是一種絕不會(huì)為積極心理學(xué)家所稱(chēng)道的虛假的快樂(lè)。哈佛大學(xué)的泰·本沙哈爾教授說(shuō)，“健康的樂(lè)觀主義意味著要活在現(xiàn)實(shí)之中?！痹诒旧彻柨磥?lái)，現(xiàn)實(shí)的樂(lè)觀主義者會(huì)因勢(shì)利導(dǎo)，而非求全責(zé)備。

本沙哈爾會(huì)使用三種樂(lè)觀的方法。比如說(shuō)，當(dāng)他因搞砸了一場(chǎng)演講而倍感郁悶的時(shí)候，他會(huì)告訴自己這是很正常的事，提醒自己：并不是每一次演講都可以獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)，總會(huì)有一些人的演講效果不及其他人。接著為改進(jìn)。他分析了一些效果不好的演講并且從那些起效和無(wú)效的演講中吸取教訓(xùn)為將來(lái)做準(zhǔn)備。最后是看待問(wèn)題的角度，即在生活的宏偉計(jì)劃中，一次演講真的無(wú)足輕重。

?Section IV Writing

Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him to email to
1) tell him about your living habits, and
2) ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)

【范文一】

Dear John,

I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.

To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o’clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there.

I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.

Yours sincerely,

【范文二】

Dear John,

I'm glad to hear from you. How have you been these days? The purpose of this email is to tell you about my living habits.

Firstly, I never drink or smoke. Neither do I stay up late. Instead, I keep a balanced diet and go to bed before 11 o'clock at night, because I believe burning the midnight oil is harmful to health. Secondly, I'd like to keep my things clean. It is obvious that living in a messy environment results in a chaotic life.

Finally, could you please offer me some proposals as regards living in your city? I'm sure that we can get along well with each other, and our university life would be one of the best times in life. (123 words)

Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, You should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)

范文一

What is clearly presented in the above chart is the different numbers of urban residents and rural population among 1990,2000 and 2010.The number of urban residents climbed steadily from 300 million in 1990 to 660 million or so in 2010，while rural population decreased slightly from about 820 million to 680 million or so in the same period.

It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors accounting for this trend. On the one hand, with the rapid development of economy and society, people in mounting numbers crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living and the excitement of urban life recently. On the other hand, the economy in the rural districts is comparative less developed and thus the opportunity to make money and pursue their future is as well lean. As a result, an increasing number of folks are trying to escape this destiny by flocking into the urban areas.

Given the analyses above, I firmly believe that such established trend will surely continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years and due importance should be attached to this evident situation.

范文二

The column chart above clearly reflects the changes in the statistics between urban and rural population in China during the past two decades. For urban dwellers, there was a noticeable jump of 360 million from 300 million to 66 million between 1990 and 2010. By contrast, a remarkable decline occurred in the number of rural population by 160 million from 820 million to 660 million during the same period.

At least three primary contributors account for such changes. First and foremost, there is a much nicer choice of options available in cities and towns, across the broad. There are more jobs to choose from, different kinds of companies and types of work. In addition, big cities offer much more excitement and stimulation, partly as a result of all the various options available in so many areas. More importantly, people prefer to live in cities and towns for the convenience of the transportation system. It would have a well developed bus, subway, highway and airport transportation network.

Generally speaking, people in expanding numbers would prefer to live in cities and towns which offer a rich variety of many options, whether it be for jobs, leisure, cultural or intellectual activities. At the same time, people like the energy and stimulation of a big city environment and the convenience of a well-developed transportation system.